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Atriplex hortensis

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Atriplex hortensis
1796 painting of "Chenopodium hortense"[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Genus: Atriplex
Species:
A. hortensis
Binomial name
Atriplex hortensis
Synonyms[3]
Synonymy
Atriplex hortensis fruit and seeds

Atriplex hortensis, known as garden orache, red orache or simply orache (/ˈɒrətʃ/;[4] also spelled orach), mountain spinach, French spinach, or arrach, is a species of plant in the amaranth family used as a leaf vegetable that was common before spinach and still grown as a warm-weather alternative to that crop. For many years, it was classified in the goosefoot family, but it has now been absorbed into the Amaranthaceae. It is Eurasian, native to Asia and Europe, and widely naturalized in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

History

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Originally from Asia, the orach is widespread throughout Europe. [11] It has been widely naturalized in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.[12][13][14][15][16]


Description

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Red orache with unripe fruit

Atriplex hortensis is a hardy annual plant, with an erect, branching stem. It varies in height from two to six feet, according to the variety and soil. The leaves are variously shaped, but somewhat oblong, comparatively thin, and slightly acidic to the taste. There are varieties with red, white and green leaves. The flowers are small and obscure, greenish or reddish, corresponding to a degree with the color of the foliage of the plant. They can be male, female or hermaphrodite. The fruits are often overhanging because of their weight. The seeds retain their viability for three years.[17] The yellow-brown seeds with a diameter of 3 to 4 millimeters and a more translucent seed shell are immediately germable. The black seeds with a diameter of only 1.5 to 2 millimeters and smooth, thick, leathery seed shell germinate only after two years.

The pollination is carried out by self-pollination, wind pollination, or insects.[18]

Use and cultivation

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Atriplex hortensis has a salty, spinach-like taste. The leaves are used cooked or raw in salads. The green leaves were once used to color pasta in Italy. A common use of the plant is to balance out the acidic flavor of sorrel.[19]

It was commonly grown in Mediterranean regions from early times, until spinach became the more favored leaf vegetable. It is commonly grown as a warm-weather alternative to spinach because it is more tolerant of heat and slower to bolt in warm weather.[20]

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  • red mountain spinach
    Atriplex hortensis var. rubra
  • pressed specimen of mountain spinach
    Dried, pressed specimen from the University of Neuchâtel
  • red flower of mountain spinach
    Inflorescence with predominantly male flowers

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atriplex hortensis.
  1. ^ Figure from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen. Author: Johann Georg Sturm. Painter: Jacob Sturm
  2. ^ "Atriplex hortensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  3. ^ The Plant List, Atriplex hortensis L.
  4. ^ "orache". Oxford English Dictionary third edition. Oxford University Press. June 2004. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  5. ^ Flora of China, 榆钱菠菜 yu qian bo cai Atriplex hortensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1053. 1753.
  6. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Atriplice degli orti, bledos moles, Gartenmelde, trädgårdsmålla, Atriplex hortensis L., includes photos and European distribution map
  7. ^ Flora of North America, Garden orach, Atriplex hortensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1053. 1753.
  8. ^ Biota of North America 2014 state-level distribution map
  9. ^ Wilson, P. G. 1984. Chenopodiaceae. Flora of Australia 4: 81–330.
  10. ^ Webb, C. J., W. R. Sykes & P. J. Garnock-Jones. 1988. Chenopodiaceae. Flora of New Zealand 515–534
  11. ^ Uotila, P. (2011). "Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore). – In: Euro+Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Atriplex hortensis L." www.eu-nomen.eu. PESI is funded by the European Union 7th Framework Programme within the Research Infrastructures programme. Retrieved 6 September 2024. Accessed through: Euro+Med PlantBase at http://ww2.bgbm.org/euroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?UUID=6BB476CB-2AE7-47BD-B05F-36CE7DBA9C0B
  12. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Atriplice degli orti, bledos moles, Gartenmelde, trädgårdsmålla, Atriplex hortensis L., includes photos and European distribution map
  13. ^ Flora of North America, Garden orach, Atriplex hortensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1053. 1753.
  14. ^ Biota of North America 2014 state-level distribution map
  15. ^ Wilson, P. G. 1984. Chenopodiaceae. Flora of Australia 4: 81–330.
  16. ^ Webb, C. J., W. R. Sykes & P. J. Garnock-Jones. 1988. Chenopodiaceae. Flora of New Zealand 515–534
  17. ^ Burr, Fearing: The Field and Garden Vegetables of America, page 297. Crosby and Nichols, 1863
  18. ^ "Atriplex hortensis". BiolFlor (Database of Biological-Ecological Features of the Flora of Germany) (in German). 2015-10-07.
  19. ^ Davidson, Alan (1999): Orach. In: Oxford Companion to Food: 556. ISBN 0-19-211579-0
  20. ^ Cornell University Gardening Growing Guide
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